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Nano tubes may give the world better batteries

Scientists' method quenches lithium metal dendrites in batteries that charge faster, last longer

Date:
October 25, 2018
Source:
Rice University
Summary:
Scientists use thin films of multi walled carbon nano tubes to keep lithium metal from sprouting dendrites, tentacle-like growths that can cause batteries to fail. The strategy could be key to developing batteries that hold more energy and charge faster than current, ubiquitous lithium-ion batteries.
Rice University scientists are counting on films of carbon nano tubes to make high-powered, fast-charging lithium metal batteries a logical replacement for common lithium-ion batteries.
The Rice lab of chemist James Tour showed thin nano tube films effectively stop dendrites that grow naturally from unprotected lithium metal anodes in batteries. Over time, these tentacle-like dendrites can pierce the battery's electrolyte core and reach the cathode, causing the battery to fail.
That problem has both dampened the use of lithium metal in commercial applications and encouraged researchers worldwide to solve it.
Lithium metal charges much faster and holds about 10 times more energy by volume than the lithium-ion electrodes found in just about every electronic device, including cellphones and electric cars.
"One of the ways to slow dendrites in lithium-ion batteries is to limit how fast they charge," Tour said. "People don't like that. They want to be able to charge their batteries quickly."The Rice team's answer, detailed in Advanced Materials, is simple, inexpensive and highly effective at stopping dendrite growth, Tour said.
"What we've done turns out to be really easy," he said. "You just coat a lithium metal foil with a multi walled carbon nano tube film. The lithium dopes the nano tube film, which turns from black to red, and the film in turn diffuses the lithium ions."
"Physical contact with lithium metal reduces the nano tube film, but balances it by adding lithium ions," said Rice postdoctoral researcher Rodrigo Salvatierra, co-lead author of the paper with graduate student Gladys López-Silva. "The ions distribute themselves throughout the nano tube film."
When the battery is in use, the film discharges stored ions and the underlying lithium anode refills it, maintaining the film's ability to stop dendrite growth.
The tangled-nano tube film effectively quenched dendrites over 580 charge/discharge cycles of a test battery with a sulfurised-carbon cathode the lab developed in previous experiments. The researchers reported the full lithium metal cells retained 99.8 percent of their coulombic efficiency, the measure of how well electrons move within an electrochemical system.
Story Source:
Materials provided by Rice University. Original written by Mike Williams. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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